运维之基础命令--软件包管理

软件包

rpm包来源

1、来源网络下载
2、来源本地：自己的镜像自带的rpm包

rpm命令

# 安装

rpm -ivh xxx.rpm

# http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/x86_64/RPMS/

-v : 显示安装过程
-i ：显示安装包的详细信息
-h : 安装包哈希标记

# 下载Nginx rpm安装包的全名
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/x86_64/RPMS/nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
--2021-03-17 12:16:47--  http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/x86_64/RPMS/nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
Resolving nginx.org (nginx.org)... 52.58.199.22, 3.125.197.172, 2a05:d014:edb:5702::6, ...
Connecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 790284 (772K) [application/x-redhat-package-manager]
Saving to: ‘nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm’

100%[====================================================>] 790,284      339KB/s   in 2.3s   

2021-03-17 12:16:51 (339 KB/s) - ‘nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm’ saved [790284/790284]

# 安装rpm安装包
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm 
warning: nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:nginx-1:1.18.0-1.el7.ngx         ################################# [100%]
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Thanks for using nginx!

Please find the official documentation for nginx here:
* http://nginx.org/en/docs/

Please subscribe to nginx-announce mailing list to get
the most important news about nginx:
* http://nginx.org/en/support.html

Commercial subscriptions for nginx are available on:
* http://nginx.com/products/

----------------------------------------------------------------------

# 验证nginx是否安装成功
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.18.0


# 卸载
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e nginx (软件包名称)
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -v
-bash: /usr/sbin/nginx: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# 


# 查看系统当中安装了哪些rpm软件包
rpm -qa

# 查看系统当中是否安装了某个rpm软件包
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q nginx（软件包名）
nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q safsdgsfdgfd
package safsdgsfdgfd is not installed


# 显示已经安装过的rpm包详细信息。
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qi nginx
Name        : nginx
Epoch       : 1
Version     : 1.18.0
Release     : 1.el7.ngx
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Wed 17 Mar 2021 04:18:55 PM CST
Group       : System Environment/Daemons
Size        : 2830028
License     : 2-clause BSD-like license
Signature   : RSA/SHA1, Tue 21 Apr 2020 11:19:18 PM CST, Key ID abf5bd827bd9bf62
Source RPM  : nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.src.rpm
Build Date  : Tue 21 Apr 2020 11:07:33 PM CST
Build Host  : ip-10-1-17-101.eu-central-1.compute.internal
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Vendor      : Nginx, Inc.
URL         : http://nginx.org/
Summary     : High performance web server
Description :
nginx [engine x] is an HTTP and reverse proxy server, as well as
a mail proxy server.

# 查看安装包的内容
[root@localhost nginx]# rpm -ql nginx
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/etc/nginx
/etc/nginx/conf.d
/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
/etc/nginx/koi-utf
/etc/nginx/koi-win
/etc/nginx/mime.types
/etc/nginx/modules
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/scgi_params
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
/etc/nginx/win-utf
/etc/sysconfig/nginx
/etc/sysconfig/nginx-debug
/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx-debug.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
/usr/lib64/nginx
/usr/lib64/nginx/modules
/usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx
/usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx/check-reload
/usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx/upgrade
/usr/sbin/nginx
/usr/sbin/nginx-debug
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.18.0
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.18.0/COPYRIGHT
/usr/share/man/man8/nginx.8.gz
/usr/share/nginx
/usr/share/nginx/html
/usr/share/nginx/html/50x.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
/var/cache/nginx
/var/log/nginx

# 查看配置信息
[root@localhost nginx]# rpm -qc nginx
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
/etc/nginx/koi-utf
/etc/nginx/koi-win
/etc/nginx/mime.types
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/scgi_params
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
/etc/nginx/win-utf
/etc/sysconfig/nginx
/etc/sysconfig/nginx-debug

# 查看文件帮助信息
[root@localhost nginx]# rpm -qd zlib
/usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/ChangeLog
/usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/FAQ
/usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/README

# 
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /usr/sbin/nginx
nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64

# 用 -p 可以查看未安装软件包的详细信息
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qip nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm 
warning: nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
Name        : nginx
Epoch       : 1
Version     : 1.18.0
Release     : 1.el7.ngx
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: (not installed)
Group       : System Environment/Daemons
Size        : 2830028
License     : 2-clause BSD-like license
Signature   : RSA/SHA1, Tue 21 Apr 2020 11:19:18 PM CST, Key ID abf5bd827bd9bf62
Source RPM  : nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.src.rpm
Build Date  : Tue 21 Apr 2020 11:07:33 PM CST
Build Host  : ip-10-1-17-101.eu-central-1.compute.internal
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Vendor      : Nginx, Inc.
URL         : http://nginx.org/
Summary     : High performance web server
Description :
nginx [engine x] is an HTTP and reverse proxy server, as well as
a mail proxy server.

# 升级软件包
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm 
warning: nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:nginx-1:1.18.0-1.el7.ngx         ################################# [ 50%]
Cleaning up / removing...
   2:nginx-1:1.14.0-1.el7_4.ngx       ################################# [100%]
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.18.0


# 强制删除软件包--nodeps
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e zlib --nodeps

yum

yum是CentOS的软件包管理工具，自动为我们解决软件依赖问题。yum包管理工具必须使用yum源指定软件下载地址去下载需要安装的软件包。配置的路径是：/etc/yum.repos.d

# 清空本机所有的yum源
[root@www yum.repos.d]# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*

yum源命令

# 查看当前系统的yum源列表
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum repolist 
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                   repo name                                           status
base                      "This is local repo, and 非常屌"                    10,072
repolist: 10,072

# yum清空缓存
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: base
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
Other repos take up 76 M of disk space (use --verbose for details)

# 建立yum缓存
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

yum源的执行原理

1、需要在/etc/yum.repos.d目录下配置yum源地址
2、清空缓存建立新的缓存
3、安装软件（自动解决依赖关系）

yum常用的基础命令

# 安装软件包的命令
yum install 软件包名称
	-y : 免交互安装

# 卸载软件（直接将软件的依赖包一起删除）
yum remove 软件包名称
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum remove httpd
	-y : 免交互移除

# 查看当前系统需要更新软件
yum check-update

# 更新所有的需要更新的软件
yum update 
	-y ： 免交互

# 更新某一个软件
yum update (软件包名称)

# 重装软件
yum reinstall (软件包名称)

# 搜索软件包
[root@www httpd]# yum search （软件包名称）
-------------------------------------------------------

# 查看yum执行历史
yum history
[root@www httpd]# yum history info (历史ID号)
[root@www httpd]# yum history undo (历史ID号)
# 查看当前系统当中可更新的软件包
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum check-update 
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

postfix.x86_64                                        2:2.10.1-9.0.1.el7.centos.plus                                      centosplus
python-perf.x86_64                                    3.10.0-1160.15.2.el7.centos.plus                                    centosplus
[root@www yum.repos.d]# 

# 查看系统中有哪些仓库地址
yum repolist    # 正在启用的yum仓库
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                   repo name                                           status
base/7/x86_64             CentOS-7 - Base - repo.huaweicloud.com              10,072
extras/7/x86_64           CentOS-7 - Extras - repo.huaweicloud.com               453
updates/7/x86_64          CentOS-7 - Updates - repo.huaweicloud.com            1,729

yum repolist all # 查看系统中所有的yum仓库
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                                        repo name                                                             status
base/7/x86_64                                  CentOS-7 - Base - repo.huaweicloud.com                                enabled: 10,072
centosplus/7/x86_64                            CentOS-7 - Plus - repo.huaweicloud.com                                disabled
extras/7/x86_64                                CentOS-7 - Extras - repo.huaweicloud.com                              enabled:    453
updates/7/x86_64                               CentOS-7 - Updates - repo.huaweicloud.com                             enabled:  1,72


# 启用repo仓库
yum install yum-utils -y

启用一个yum仓库：yum-config-manager --enable (仓库名称)
关闭一个yum仓库：yum-config-manager --disable (仓库名称)


# 查看一个仓库中的软件包列表
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum list

# 查看软件包组
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum grouplist

# 安装软件包组
[root@www yum.repos.d]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools"

本地yum源配置

1、备份/etc/yum.repos.d/下的所文件
	rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*

2、编写本地yum源
[root@www yum.repos.d]# cat test.repo 
[base] # yum源名称
name="This is repo infomation" #yum源的简介
baseurl=file:///opt    # 指定yum源地址
enabled=1				# 是否启用yum源
gpgcheck=0				# 是否检查gpg秘钥

3、更新缓存
yum makecache

4、安装软件
yum install dos2unix

共享yum源配置

1、安装ftp
yum install vsftpd -y

2、启动vsftpd
systemctl enable --now vsftpd # 设置开机自启动并且立即启动

3、创建yum源共享文件夹
[root@www ftp]# mkdir /var/ftp/centos

4、将映像中的软件复制到/var/ftp/centos
cp -rp /opt/* /var/ftp/centos

5、编辑本地yum源，接入ftp
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat local.repo 
[base]
baseurl=ftp://192.168.15.100/centos
name="This is ftp repo"
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

6、测试安装
yum install dos2unix -y

yum的配置

# yum仓库的机器上执行
1、修改/etc/yum.conf
    cachedir=/var/ftp/centos/Packages   # 指定yum缓存目录
    keepcache=1							# 下载的缓存软件不立即删除， 0为立即删除

2、安装ftp
yum install vsftpd -y

3、启动vsftpd
systemctl enable --now vsftpd # 设置开机自启动并且立即启动

4、创建yum源共享文件夹
[root@www ftp]# mkdir /var/ftp/centos

5、更新yum仓库
[root@www ftp]# yum clean all
[root@www ftp]# yum makecache

6、建立一个快捷方式
cd /var/ftp/centos/Packages/base
ln -s packages Packages

7、安装mariadb
yum install mariadb -y

8、建立/var/ftp/centos/Packages/base/repodata
mkdir /var/ftp/centos/Packages/base/repodata

9、把/var/ftp/centos/Packages/base下面的自动生成的压缩文件复制到/var/ftp/centos/Packages/base/repodata用做认证。

# 使用yum仓库的机器上执行
1、建立yum配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo 
[base]
baseurl=ftp://192.168.15.100/centos/Packages/base
name="This is ftp repo"
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

2、更新yum仓库
[root@www ftp]# yum clean all
[root@www ftp]# yum makecache

3、测试安装mariadb
yum install mariadb -y

运维 > （一）基础命令

运维之基础命令--软件包管理

http://gsproj.github.io/2022/07/06/01_运维/01-基础命令/day12-软件包管理/软件包/

作者

GongSheng

发布于

2022年7月6日

许可协议

运维之基础命令--用户组管理上一篇

运维之基础命令--用户权限下一篇